ENGINEERING_GLOSSARY

A

• AESSecurity The most widely used symmetric block cipher standard in the world; it works with 128-bit blocks and 128/192/256-bit keys.
• AM5 socketHardware AM5 soketi The LGA-type processor socket AMD introduced with Ryzen 7000 in 2022, supporting only DDR5 and PCIe 5.0.
• ARM architectureMobile ARM mimarisi The RISC-based processor instruction-set architecture, licensed to manufacturers, that is widespread in phones thanks to low power consumption.
• ARM TrustZoneSecurity The ARM security technology that splits the processor at hardware level into a "secure" and a "normal" world to isolate sensitive operations.
• Artificial neural networkAI Yapay sinir ağı A model in which simple computing units (neurons), connected in layers, learn to recognise patterns by learning weights.
• Autonomous drivingAI Otonom sürüş A system in which a vehicle perceives its surroundings from sensor data and makes driving decisions itself with software and AI.

B

• BandwidthHardware Bant genişliği The maximum amount of data a bus or memory can transfer per second (GB/s).
• Breaking capacityElectrical Kesme kapasitesi The highest prospective short-circuit current a protective device can safely interrupt without being damaged.

C

• Cable cross-sectionElectrical Kablo kesiti The area of a cable conductor in mm²; it determines current-carrying capacity, voltage drop and short-circuit withstand.
• Cache memoryHardware Önbellek (cache) A small, fast intermediate memory (L1, L2, L3) from which a processor can reach frequently used data far faster than from main memory.
• Cathodic protectionElectrical Katodik koruma A method that protects buried metal pipes and tanks from corrosion by turning the metal into the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
• Certificate authority (CA)Security Sertifika otoritesi (CA) An organisation trusted by browsers and operating systems that verifies and digitally signs certificates.
• ChipletHardware A design approach that splits a processor into several small silicon dies combined in one package instead of one large die.
• Circuit breakerElectrical Kesici A switching device that can make and break normal load current and short-circuit current, opening the circuit on command from a protection relay during a fault.
• Contact resistanceElectrical Kontak direnci The extra resistance at the point where two conductive surfaces meet, caused by surface roughness and oxidation.
• CryptologySecurity Kriptoloji The science of designing encryption methods (cryptography) and of trying to break them (cryptanalysis).
• CUDAAI NVIDIA's software platform for programming GPUs for general-purpose parallel computing.

D

• Data centreElectrical Veri merkezi A facility housing servers, storage and network equipment together with their power, cooling and security infrastructure.
• DDR5Hardware The system-memory standard that succeeds DDR4, offering higher speeds and two independent sub-channels per module.
• Digital certificateSecurity Dijital sertifika An electronic document that binds a public key to an identity (for example a domain name) and is signed by a trusted authority.
• Digital signatureSecurity Dijital imza A method of proving who a message came from and that it was not altered, using a value produced with a private key and verified with a public key.
• DirectStorageHardware The Microsoft API that moves game assets from an NVMe SSD straight into graphics-card memory with minimal CPU involvement.
• DisconnectorElectrical Ayırıcı A safety switch that opens a de-energised circuit to create a visible air gap; it has no capability to interrupt current.
• Distribution boardElectrical Elektrik panosu An enclosed unit that distributes incoming energy to circuits through protective devices.

E

• Earthing (grounding)Electrical Topraklama An arrangement that connects the conductive parts of an installation to the ground through a low-resistance path so fault current has a safe way out.
• Earth resistanceElectrical Toprak direnci The resistance an electrode presents to the surrounding soil; the lower it is, the more easily fault current flows into the ground.
• Earth-fault loop impedanceElectrical Çevrim empedansı The total impedance of the path a fault current follows (source, line conductor, protective conductor); it decides whether the protective device will trip in time.
• ECC (error-correcting code)Hardware ECC (hata düzeltme kodu) A method of extra check bits that detects and corrects single-bit errors occurring in memory or on a data path.
• Electrical resistanceElectrical Elektriksel direnç The opposition a material offers to current flow; by Ohm's law R = V / I, measured in ohms.
• EncryptionSecurity Şifreleme A mathematical transformation that makes data unreadable without the correct key.

F

• FinFETHardware A three-dimensional transistor structure in which the channel is raised as a fin and the gate wraps it on three sides.
• FirewallSecurity Güvenlik duvarı Software or hardware that filters network traffic according to rules and blocks unauthorised connections.
• Foldable displayMobile Katlanabilir ekran An OLED display built on a thin plastic base and special glass that can be bent repeatedly around a hinge.
• FPS (frames per second)Hardware FPS (saniyedeki kare) The measure of smoothness showing how many image frames a game or video produces per second.
• FuseElectrical Sigorta A protective element whose internal link melts under overcurrent to break the circuit and which must be replaced once it has operated.

G

• GAAFET (gate-all-around)Hardware GAAFET A next-generation transistor structure in which the gate surrounds the channel on all sides; the successor to FinFET, used in the 2 nm class.
• GeneratorElectrical Jeneratör A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy; also used as a standby source when the grid fails.
• Generator step-up transformer (GSU)Electrical Blok yükseltici trafo (GSU) The transformer wired directly to a plant generator that raises its voltage (10-25 kV) to the level of the transmission grid.
• Ghost touchMobile Hayalet dokunuş (ghost touch) A phone detecting touches on its own although the screen is not touched; it can stem from drivers, hardware or charging noise.
• God Mode (Windows)Software A hidden shortcut in Windows, created by making a specially named folder, that gives access to hundreds of administration settings from a single window.
• GPU (graphics processing unit)Hardware GPU (grafik işlemcisi) A processor with thousands of small cores that performs the same operation on lots of data in parallel, used for graphics and AI computation.

H

• HallucinationAI Halüsinasyon When a language model presents information that does not exist as though it were true, in a confident tone.
• HarmonicsElectrical Harmonik Disturbing current and voltage components at whole multiples of the grid frequency (50 Hz), created by non-linear loads.
• High voltageElectrical Yüksek gerilim The voltage class used to carry energy from power plants to distant loads with low losses, covering levels such as 154 kV and 380 kV on the Turkish transmission grid.
• HTTPSSecurity HTTP wrapped in TLS encryption; it prevents data between browser and site from being eavesdropped on or altered.

I

• ImpedanceElectrical Empedans The total opposition to alternating current; a combination of resistance and reactance, measured in ohms.
• InferenceAI Çıkarım (inference) The stage in which a trained model produces output for new input; the phase that serves users after training.
• InsulationElectrical Yalıtım Material or construction that separates live conductors from each other and from earth and does not conduct current.
• Internet of Things (IoT)AI Nesnelerin interneti (IoT) The connection of everyday objects (appliances, sensors, cameras) to the internet so they can collect data and be managed remotely.
• IPC (instructions per cycle)Hardware IPC (çevrim başına komut) A measure of how many instructions a processor completes on average in each clock cycle.
• IT systemElectrical IT sistemi A system whose source is isolated from earth (or earthed through a high impedance); the first earth fault does not cause an outage and insulation is monitored.

J

• Joule heatingElectrical Joule ısınması The conversion of electrical energy into heat, P = I²·R, as current flows through a conductor.

K

• KernelSoftware Kernel (işletim sistemi çekirdeği) The lowest layer of an operating system, which accesses hardware directly and manages memory, CPU time and drivers.
• kVArElectrical Kilovolt-ampere reactive; the unit of reactive power and the rating of compensation capacitors.

L

• LatencyHardware Gecikme (latency) The time between starting an operation and receiving its result; it measures how quickly data responds.
• LiDARAI A ranging technology that builds a three-dimensional map of the surroundings by timing the return of laser pulses.
• Lithography (EUV)Hardware Litografi (EUV) The process of printing circuit patterns onto silicon with light; EUV (extreme ultraviolet) at 13.5 nm wavelength makes the smallest structures possible.
• Liquid coolingElectrical Sıvı soğutma A cooling method that carries heat away from processors with a liquid (cold plates or immersion), which moves heat far better than air.
• LLM (large language model)AI LLM (büyük dil modeli) A neural network trained on very large amounts of text that generates text by probabilistically predicting the next piece (token) of a sequence.
• Low voltageElectrical Alçak gerilim The voltage class up to 1000 V AC used in homes, offices and small businesses (230/400 V in Turkey).

M

• MalwareSecurity Zararlı yazılım A program written to damage systems, steal data or gain control without the user's knowledge or consent.
• Man-in-the-middle attackSecurity Ortadaki adam saldırısı An attack in which the attacker secretly inserts themselves into communication between two parties to listen to or alter it.
• Medium voltageElectrical Orta gerilim The voltage class, roughly 1 kV to 36 kV in Turkish practice, that feeds substations and large consumers on the distribution network.
• MoE (mixture of experts)AI MoE (uzman karışımı) An architecture in which the model consists of many "expert" sub-networks and only a few of them run for each token.
• Monolithic dieHardware Monolitik çip The traditional processor design in which all functions sit on a single silicon die.
• MV switchgear cellElectrical OG hücresi A compartment where medium-voltage breakers, disconnectors, measuring and protection equipment are grouped inside a metal enclosure.

N

• Nanometre (process node)Hardware Nanometre (üretim düğümü) The name of a chip manufacturing technology (for example 3 nm, 2 nm); today it works more as a marketing label than a real length.
• NPU (neural processing unit)Hardware NPU (sinirsel işlem birimi) A dedicated processing unit designed to accelerate neural-network computation (matrix/tensor operations) at very low energy.
• NVMeHardware The storage protocol that lets SSDs work over PCIe with many parallel command queues.

O

• OLEDMobile A display technology with organic diodes in which each pixel emits its own light, giving true black and high contrast.
• OvercurrentElectrical Aşırı akım Current above the circuit's rated value, appearing either as overload or as short circuit.

P

• PanopticonSecurity Panoptikon Jeremy Bentham's prison design in which a central guard can see everyone but nobody knows when they are being watched.
• PCIeHardware The lane-based serial bus standard that connects graphics cards, SSDs and other components to the motherboard.
• PhishingSecurity Oltalama (phishing) An attack that tricks users into handing over passwords or payment details through fake emails, messages or websites.
• Post-quantum cryptographySecurity Kuantum sonrası kriptografi Encryption algorithms designed to stay secure even against future quantum computers.
• Power electronicsElectrical Güç elektroniği The field of converting electrical energy from one form to another (AC-DC, DC-DC) with semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs and IGBTs.
• Power factorElectrical Güç faktörü The ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA); for sinusoidal waveforms it equals cos φ, and the closer to 1 the more efficiently the system runs.
• Power factor correction (PFC)Electrical PFC (güç faktörü düzeltme) A circuit that shapes the current a power supply draws from the mains to follow the voltage, improving power factor and harmonics.
• Power gridElectrical Şebeke The whole of the transmission and distribution lines, substations and switching equipment that moves energy from generation to consumers.
• Power supply unit (PSU)Electrical Güç kaynağı (PSU) The unit that converts mains AC into the low-voltage DC (12 V, 5 V, 3.3 V) a computer needs.
• Power transformerElectrical Transformatör A static machine that raises or lowers an AC voltage through electromagnetic induction without changing the frequency.
• Progress paymentElectrical Hakediş The interim payment document that turns the work a contractor completed in a period into a sum using unit prices and measured quantities.
• PromptAI Prompt (istem) The text input given to an AI model that describes the task and expectations.
• Protection relayElectrical Koruma rölesi A device that measures quantities such as current and voltage and sends a trip command to the breaker when it detects a fault.
• PUE (power usage effectiveness)Electrical PUE The ratio of a data centre's total energy use to the energy used by IT equipment alone; the closer to 1.0 the more efficient.

R

• Reactive powerElectrical Reaktif güç The power component, measured in VAr (kVAr), that is drawn from the source to build magnetic fields and returned, doing no useful work.
• Reactive power compensationElectrical Reaktif güç kompanzasyonu Raising the power factor by supplying the reactive power drawn by inductive loads locally with capacitors.
• Residual-current deviceElectrical Kaçak akım rölesi A safety device that watches the difference between line and neutral currents and opens the circuit within a fraction of a second when that difference exceeds a threshold.
• RippleElectrical Ripple (çıkış dalgalanması) The small alternating voltage superimposed on a DC output, caused by switching and mains frequency.
• RobocopySoftware The Windows command-line tool that copies files and folders with fault tolerance, retries and multithreading.
• RSASecurity An asymmetric encryption algorithm based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, used for key exchange and digital signatures.

S

• Samsung KnoxSecurity Samsung's mobile security platform spanning hardware and software layers; Knox Vault protects keys with a separate processor and memory.
• SandboxSoftware Sandbox (korumalı alan) Running a program in a restricted environment isolated from the rest of the system so that any damage stays confined to it.
• Secure EnclaveSecurity The secure subsystem in Apple devices that runs separately from the main processor and protects biometric data and keys.
• SelectivityElectrical Selektivite The principle that, during a fault, only the protective device closest to it opens while upstream devices stay closed.
• SemiconductorHardware Yarı iletken A material whose conductivity lies between a conductor and an insulator and can be controlled by doping (such as silicon).
• SF6 gasElectrical SF6 gazı A gas used in MV/HV switchgear for its excellent insulation and arc-quenching properties, and also a very potent greenhouse gas.
• Short circuitElectrical Kısa devre A condition where live conductors join through a very low-impedance path, so hundreds of times the normal current flows.
• Site measurement bookElectrical Yeşil defter The site book in which measurements of completed work are recorded and on which progress payments rely.
• SSD (solid-state drive)Hardware SSD A solid-state storage drive with no moving parts that stores data in NAND flash cells.
• SSL/TLSSecurity The family of protocols that encrypts communication over the internet and verifies the identity of the other side; the basis of the browser padlock.
• Surveillance capitalismSecurity Gözetim kapitalizmi The economic order in which user behaviour data is collected and turned into prediction products as a source of profit.
• System on a chip (SoC)Hardware SoC (tek çip sistem) An integrated circuit that combines components such as the CPU, graphics unit, NPU, modem and memory controller on one piece of silicon.
• Switching operationElectrical Şalt manevrası Opening and closing switchgear in a defined order to energise, de-energise or earth a section.

T

• TDP (thermal design power)Hardware TDP (termal tasarım gücü) A value in watts showing the heat a chip produces under typical loads, i.e. the power the cooling system must be able to dissipate.
• TEE (trusted execution environment)Security TEE (güvenilir yürütme ortamı) A secure processing area, isolated from the main operating system by hardware, in which sensitive code and data are protected.
• TelemetrySecurity Telemetri The automatic sending of usage and error data from devices and software to a remote server.
• Thermal throttlingHardware Termal kısma (throttling) The automatic lowering of frequency and power when a chip overheats, to prevent damage.
• TLS handshakeSecurity TLS el sıkışması The short exchange at the start of a connection in which the parties agree on protocol version, cipher suite and session key.
• TN-S systemElectrical TN-S sistemi The source neutral is solidly earthed and the neutral (N) and protective conductor (PE) run separately throughout the installation.
• TokenAI The smallest unit into which a language model splits text; it can be a word, part of a word or a punctuation mark.
• TOPSHardware Tera (trillion) operations per second; the unit used to describe the peak performance of NPUs and AI accelerators.
• Touch voltageElectrical Dokunma gerilimi The voltage that appears between two points a person can touch at the same time (for example hand and foot) during a fault.
• Transformer architectureAI Transformer mimarisi The neural-network architecture introduced in 2017 that computes relationships between all words in a text in parallel using an attention mechanism.
• TransistorHardware Transistör The semiconductor element that switches or amplifies current with a small voltage and is the basic building block of every digital chip.
• TT systemElectrical TT sistemi The source and the consumer have independent earthings; because fault current returns through the ground an RCD is essential.

U

• UPSElectrical Uninterruptible power supply; a unit that keeps the load running from batteries when mains power is lost.

V

• Vapor chamberMobile Buhar haznesi (vapor chamber) A thin cooling plate in which an internal fluid evaporates at the hot spot and condenses in cooler regions, spreading heat across a wide surface.
• Voltage dropElectrical Gerilim düşümü The reduction of voltage at the load compared with the source as current flows through the resistance and reactance of a cable.
• VRAMHardware The high-bandwidth memory on the graphics card itself; an AI model's weights have to fit into it.

Z

• Zen architectureHardware Zen mimarisi The family of microarchitectures AMD introduced with Ryzen in 2017 that rebalanced the processor market through chiplet design and high IPC.

Q

• Quantity take-offElectrical Metraj Extracting the work items of a project (cable metres, luminaire counts, boards, etc.) as measurements and quantities.
• QuantizationAI Kuantizasyon A technique that lowers memory and speed cost by storing model weights with fewer bits (for example 8 or 4 instead of 16).
• Quantum tunnellingHardware Kuantum tünelleme The phenomenon in which electrons can probabilistically pass through a thin insulating barrier that classical physics says they could not cross.
• Quartz sandElectrical Kuvars kumu An insulating filler inside high-rupturing-capacity (HRC) fuses that absorbs and extinguishes arc energy.

#

• 12VHPWRElectrical The 16-pin (12+4) power connector that can carry up to 600 W to graphics cards; known for heating problems with poor seating and sharp bending.
• 80 PlusElectrical A certification programme showing that power supplies reach at least 80 percent efficiency at 20, 50 and 100 percent load; it has tiers from Bronze to Titanium.